What Is A Tool That Finds Web Pages Based On Terms And Criteria Specified By The User?
Often referred to every bit data that describes other information, metadata is structured reference data that helps to sort and identify attributes of the information it describes. In Zen and the Art of Metadata Maintenance, John W. Warren describes metadata as "both a universe and Deoxyribonucleic acid."
Meta is a prefix that -- in virtually information technology usages -- means "an underlying definition or description." Metadata summarizes basic information about data, which can make it easier to find, use and reuse particular instances of data.
For example, writer, date created, appointment modified and file size are examples of very basic document file metadata. Having the ability to search for a detail element (or elements) of that metadata makes information technology much easier for someone to locate a specific document.
In addition to document files, metadata is used for:
- computer files
- images
- relational databases
- spreadsheets
- videos
- audio files
- spider web pages
The use of metadata on web pages can be very important. The metadata contains descriptions of the folio'south contents, equally well as keywords linked to the content. This metadata is often displayed in search results past search engines, significant its accuracy and details could influence whether or not a user decides to visit a site. This information is usually expressed in the class of meta tags.
Search engines evaluate meta tags to assist make up one's mind a web page'south relevance. Meta tags were used as the key factor in determining position in a search until the late 1990s. The increase in search engine optimization (SEO) towards the stop of the 1990s led to many websites to keyword stuffing their metadata to play a joke on search engines, making their websites seem more relevant than others.
Since then, search engines have reduced their reliance on meta tags, although they are notwithstanding factored in when indexing pages. Many search engines also endeavor to thwart web pages' ability to deceive their system by regularly changing their criteria for rankings, with Google being notorious for ofttimes changing its ranking algorithms.
Metadata can be created manually or by automated information processing. Manual creation tends to be more authentic, allowing the user to input any information they feel is relevant or that would help draw the file. Automated metadata creation tin can be much more elementary, usually only displaying information such as file size, file extension, when the file was created and who created the file.
Metadata use cases
Metadata is created anytime a document, a file or other information asset is modified, including its deletion. Authentic metadata can be helpful in prolonging the lifespan of existing data by helping users detect new ways to utilise information technology.
Metadata organizes a data object by using terms associated with that detail object. It too enables objects that are dissimilar to be identified and paired with similar objects to help optimize the use of data avails. Equally noted, search engines and browsers determine which web content to display by interpreting the metadata tags associated with an HTML certificate.
The linguistic communication of metadata is written to be understandable to both calculator systems and humans, a level of standardization that contributes to better interoperability and integration between disparate applications and information systems.
Companies in digital publishing, engineering, financial services, healthcare and manufacturing apply metadata to get together insights on means to improve products or upgrade processes. For example, streaming content providers automate the management of intellectual property metadata and then it can be stored beyond an array of applications, thus protecting copyright holders while at the same time making music and videos attainable to authenticated users.
The maturity of AI technologies is somewhat easing the traditional brunt of managing metadata by automating previously manual processes to catalog and tag information assets.
History and origins of metadata
Jack Eastward. Myers, founder of Metadata Information Partners (now The Metadata Co.), claims to take coined the term in 1969. Myers filed a trademark for the unhyphenated word "metadata" in 1986. Despite this, references to the term appear in academic papers that predate Myers' merits.
In an bookish paper published in 1967, Massachusetts Institute of Technology professors David Griffel and Stuart McIntosh described metadata as "a tape … of the data records" that result when bibliographic data nearly a topic is gathered from discrete sources. The researchers concluded that a "meta-linguistic approach," or "meta language," is needed to enable a computer system to properly interpret this information and its context to other relevant pieces of information. Different Myers, Griffel and McIntosh treated "meta" as a prefix to "information."
In 1964, an undergraduate figurer science major named Philip R. Bagley started work on his dissertation, in which he argued that efforts to "brand blended information elements" ultimately rests on the ability to "associate explicitly" to a second and related information element, which "we might term a 'metadata element.'" Although his thesis was rejected, Bagley'southward work, including his reference to metadata, subsequently was published as a report under a contract with the U.S. Air Forcefulness Office of Scientific Research in January 1969.
Types of metadata and examples
Metadata is variously categorized based on the office it serves in information management.
- Administrative metadata allows administrators to impose rules and restrictions governing information access and user permissions. Information technology also furnishes information on required maintenance and management of data resources. Often used in the context of ongoing inquiry, administrative metadata includes such details as date created, file size and type, and archiving requirements.
- Descriptive metadata identifies specific characteristics of a slice of data, such as bibliographic data, keywords, song titles, book numbers, etc.
- Legal metadata provides information on creative licensing, such as copyrights, licensing and royalties.
- Preservation metadata guides the placement of a data particular within a hierarchical framework or sequence.
- Procedure metadata outlines procedures used to collect and care for statistical information. Statistical metadata is some other term for process metadata.
- Provenance metadata, also known every bit data lineage, tracks the history of a piece of data equally it moves throughout an organisation. Original documents are paired with metadata to ensure that information is valid or to correct errors in data quality. Checking the provenance is a customary practise in data governance.
- Reference metadata relates to data that describes the quality of statistical content.
- Statistical metadata describes data that enables users to properly interpret and utilize statistics constitute in reports, surveys and compendium.
- Structural metadata reveals how different elements of a compound data object are assembled. Structural metadata is oft used in digital media content, such as describing how pages in an audiobook should be organized to form a chapter, and how chapters should be organized to grade volumes, so on. The term "technical metadata" is a synonym most closely associated with items in digital libraries.
- Use metadata is data that is sorted and analyzed each time a user accesses it. Based on assay of utilise metadata, business can choice out trends in customer behavior and more readily adapt their products and services to come across their needs.
How to employ metadata effectively
The accelerated charge per unit of data growth has fueled new involvement in the potential business value that can exist derived from metadata. A multifariousness of data structures exist that present both opportunities besides as challenges.
Metadata management provides an organizational framework to harmonize detached data sets stored beyond various arrangement. It also provides an organizational consensus to describe information, often broken into business organization, operational and technical data.
Companies implement metadata management to winnow out older information and develop a taxonomy to classify data co-ordinate to its business value. A component of this is a catalog or fundamental database that serves as a metadata repository, also known as a information dictionary.
In addition to classifying information, metadata direction strategies are used to meliorate information analytics, develop a data governance policy and institute an audit trail for regulatory compliance.
At its core, metadata management is well-nigh enabling people to identify the attributes of a particular piece of information using a web-based user interface. The aspect might be the file'south name, its writer, a customer ID number, and and then on. The person requesting the certificate is thus able to see and understand the unlike attributes of the data, the enterprise system it resides in and the reasons those attributes were created.
As of November 2020, Alation, ASG, Alex Solutions, Collibra, Erwin, IBM, Informatica, Oracle, SAP and SmartLogic are ranked among leading metadata management platform vendors by IT analyst firm Gartner in its Magic Quadrant for Metadata Management Solutions.
Standardization of metadata
A number of industry standards have been developed to make metadata more useful. These standards ensure consistency on the common language, format, spelling and other attributes to be used to describe information. Each standard is based on a specific schema that provides an overarching structure for all its metadata.
Dublin Core is a widely used general standard originally adult to aid in the indexing of concrete library card catalogs. The standard has since been adjusted for web-based digital metadata. Dublin Cadre describes the attributes of xv cadre data elements: championship, creator, subject, description, publisher, contributors, appointment, type, format, identifier, source, language, relation, coverage and rights management.
A similar bibliographic metadata standard is Metadata Objects Description Schema, an XML-based schema for libraries, spawned past the Network and Standards Evolution Office of the U.South. Library of Congress as a successor to Machine-Readable Catalog standards adult in the 1960s.
A newer standard, schema.org, is based on open up source software collaboration that provides a collection of metadata schema geared to structured internet data, email and other forms of digital data.
Industry-specific metadata schema
A number of standard metadata schema have been adult to meet the unique requirements of certain disciplines and manufacture verticals.
Arts and humanities:
- Text Encoding Initiative is a consortium of institutions developing standards that specify encoding methods for representing machine-readable text in digital form.
- VRA Core, jointly developed past the Library of Congress and the Visual Resource Association, is described as "a data standard for the description of works of visual culture as well as the images that document them."
Civilization and guild:
- Data Documentation Initiative standardizes descriptions of data used in behavioral scientific discipline and related disciplines.
- Open Archives Language Community, based on Dublin Core, attempts to develop a worldwide virtual repository of language resource.
Sciences:
- Darwin Core is used for sharing information on biological specimens.
- Ecological Metadata Language is a readable XML markup format for sharing data on earth sciences.
- Federal Geospatial Data Commission develops metadata formats for documenting geospatial research data.
This was last updated in July 2021
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Source: https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/metadata
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